The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1517 Words

Nathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understand what the significance of The Scarlet Letter is. Nathaniel Hawthorne makes readers see Pearl as a symbol of what Hester and Arthur Dimmesdale’s actions were. She represented their affection and sentiment for each other. She was the literal outcome of what they were. Even though she was just a child, according to their society, she was full of sins because of what her parents did. An example to show that she was treated horribly was in chapter seven. Pearl is taunted by a group of Purit an children even though she was just on her way to the governor’s mansion. She did nothing wrong, yet she was treated like she was a criminal. However, she did not let the children get off easily. She retaliated by throwing mud at them. While doing this, she also proved how she is not scared to stand up for herself. This can be connected to how Hester’s scarlet letter ‘A’ later resembles the word ‘able’. Near the end of the book, Hester is looked upon by others because of her ability to help them.Show MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statementsRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1172 Words   |  5 Pagesfreedom, peace, and introspection. However, until the last century, the wilderness was often regarded with fear and resentment. Written long before John Muir and the conservation movement, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne was well ahead of its time for its depiction of wilderness. In The Scarlet Letter, Arthur Dimmesdale leaves the beaten path and seeks refuge in the forest. There, he gains the strength and willpower to throw off seven years of hopelessness and take his fate into his own hands

Should Abortion Be Legalized - 1200 Words

Abortion is a very hot topic that has been repeatedly contended over for the past few years. The argument is should abortion be legalized or not? First before we get into the many sides of abortion we must to know what is abortion. Abortion means ending a pregnancy before the fetus can live independently outside the world. If abortion happens unplanned before 24 weeks of pregnancy. It is called a miscarriage. Abortion is caused design to order to end the pregnancy (Brown, 2013). This can be complete by anyone from the mother this woman to backstreet abortions and even to abortions by hospitals set up particularly for this purpose. There are two sides to this abortion subject the PRO-LIFE which is those who are against abortion altogether and the PRO-CHOICE or those who believe it is the woman’s right to pick if she wants to have an abortion or don’t have to do it. Those two groups offer different answers to problem. The pro-life answer is to have the kid and essentiall y live with it. People believe that abortion is not an answer. Pro-choice solution is abortion because of reasons they feel are suitable. Although abortion is ethically and morally wrong should it be lawful for victims of rape or incest who have no other people? There is no real answer to this argument, there are two sides to it though which have been arguing for years over this argument. The first is the pro-life group. This group does not believe in the abortion factor. To understand where the pro-lifeShow MoreRelatedShould Abortion Be Legalized?1357 Words   |  6 Pagessaid Margaret Sanger (Quotes About Abortion). An abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. 69% of women that have abortions are economically disadvantaged (The Demographics Of Abortion: It s Not What You Think). This is one of the reasons abortions should stay legalized, over half of the women would have been struggling to take care of their child without it. Abortion was legalized on January 27, 1973 in a 7-2 decisionRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1495 Words    |  6 Pagesbetter, whom the president should be or who or if at all, we should be at war with; no one can unanimously agree on any topic in this country. This is no different then with the current hot topic of abortion. Abortion, although legal in this country, is still treated and viewed as taboo because of a dominantly Christian-American society. Some Christians make it seem that if you are pro-choice then you are pro-murder. However this is not the case. I will explain what abortion really is and why it isRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?869 Words   |  4 Pages Abortion has become a common argument topic in America; numerous individuals consider themselves pro-life and others pro-choice. Those who consider themselves pro-life oppose abortion, while those who are pro-choice advocate for abortion to be legalized. I believe that abortion should be illegal and that life should be recognized upon conception. Almost all abortions occur during the first trimester when the fetus cannot live outside of the mother’s body. People who are pro-choice believe thatRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1172 Words   |  5 Pages Although some believe abortion is morally and ethically wrong should it be legal for victims of rape or incest who have no other alternative? Pro-Life advocates believe as horrible as abortion is, the baby is still innocent of any crime. Nobody should be killed for the crime of another person. While Pro-Choice advocates believe if a woman is pregnant by rape, compassion demands that she be allowed to abort. On the other hand, the pro-life vs pro-choice debate tends to overlook the fact that theRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legalized972 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is killing over 1.4 million unborn children in a year (â€Å"They’re Not†). For example, there was the case where a doctor got arrested for killing seven babies and a patient. The clinic he had was described as the house of horror by detectives because doctor Gosnell kept baby parts on a shelf in his clinic. In addition, it was said that he â€Å"forced the live birth of viable babies in the sixth, sevent h, and eighth-month pregnancy and then killed those babies by cutting into the back of the neckRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1680 Words   |  7 Pagesrights. A hot topic that is one of the most refuted in today’s society is abortion. One may not see abortion to be acceptable, although, does it make it right to take away that right from someone else? It has taken women a lot of fight and willpower to gain rights to their own bodies, illegalizing abortion would take that right away. Therefore, the question is, should abortion continue to be legalized? First and foremost, abortion can be seen as a way of having full control over one’s personal body.Read MoreAbortion Should Be Legalized Or Not?1902 Words   |  8 PagesDecember 2014 Abortion should be legalized or not? Abortion in itself is a very controversial topic and different people has different views on it some says it should be legalized while others in the other hand says legalization of abortion can create a lot of problems. Abortion is the spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before fetal viability. According to WHO, abortion is the pregnancy termination prior to 20 weeks gestation or a fetus born weighing less than 500 grams. Abortion may be self-induced;Read MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1685 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst women having an abortion, no matter what situation they are in, the point of women having their own rights should include whether they choose to have their own kid or not. The United States today is very divided on the whole abortion issue, typically republicans are against it calling theirselves â€Å"pro-lfe† and democrats are typically for abortion and they call theirselves â€Å"pro-choice.† Abortion had been practiced in the United States ever since 1880, but it wasn t legalized nationwide untilRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1799 Words   |  8 PagesAbortion across America Teenage pregnancy has become a norm in America. Sex education is gradually losing significance among the youth. Despite the wide range of contraceptives, many young women are continually getting pregnant. Additionally, the number of young boys and girls ruining their lives at an early stage as a result of quick moments of pleasure is alarming. Moreover, the advancement in technology is an increasingly contributing factor to the high rates of teenage pregnancy (GarfieldRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legalized1237 Words   |  5 PagesMany women in the world consider doing abortion, and this has been huge on-going controversial issues for a long time. The women in country X want to abort because they do not want their daughters to live restricted just like them, but it cannot be justified. Abortion should not be legalized because the woman’s body is not her own property that she has no right to control over the fetus, and it kills the innocent. According to Judith Thomson, abortion is permissible because women â€Å"are granting

Perspective on sex Free Essays

How do we explain sexuality from God’s stand point, when we talk with teens, taming our own desires, and the sexual challenges that face us all? This paper will take you through the four different elements that will guide to a greater understanding of human sexuality, of what God has in store for us. God gave mankind the ability to have sex; his commandments are clear on how to become one with him. Sex Is not only for a few moments of pleasure, but a way for husband and wife to become one with God. We will write a custom essay sample on Perspective on sex or any similar topic only for you Order Now I intend to explain to you the important benefits you will receive though intimacy, how and why one should abstain from sex until marriage, and how to develop the intimacy back into the marriage. Where does real Intimacy come from and how can we build the Intimacy with another person we desire? The meaning behind Intimacy Is finding someone to be close to that they we may find interesting. In the theology of love, intimacy is finding someone who you are willing to let everything go to find a special kind love that can be graced by God. Clark described Agape as the love for a person, someone you are willing to omit your heart and soul to, based on how you care for that one person, a forever lasting love, the complete willingness to change how you feel Just to be with that other person (Clark). By Intimacy we are allowing our own self to be seen by another, without regard to what or how we feel, but real intimacy starts when another person connects with your heart, and soul. According to the dictionary intimacy is defined as a close reunion or a combination of elements that connect together to make one (Dictionary. Mom). Above all you may think that sex makes a relationship, yet it is only he intimate form of the expression, sex is not intimacy only the physical form of intimacy. At the same time the relationship Is new, the couple prefers to spend time together to communicate emotional feelings, they may begin to hold hands as a way of physical touch, and they will date, discuss intellectual issues, they may pray to gether, and come to a term of how far of a commitment they may wish to carry out (Clark). First of all when the couple marries, they have decided to base their relationship on mutually shared covenant commitment and to consummate their allegations In a sexual union (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 147). However, act between two relationship (Bailiwick, 2008). In the eyes of God their union of husband and wife is graced with God’s love, since God has created mankind to know one another, Just as Adam and Eve. God gave mankind the ability to become intimate with another, and is graced by Him. Beneficial effects for a person’s well-being, is the feeling of undefined love between two people, with women it is the love she sees in the eyes of her husband, and the ability to discuss anything with her husband without fear. For the man he shall see his beloved, and hold her to him, yet be allowed to communicate all of his fears, and intentions that he has unafraid of reticule. The benefit of welling being can also be that you have now found the soul mate for you that were preordained by God to give the couple a closer relationship with them, and God. Likewise the purpose of abstinence before marriage in Christianity is something the person must decide for themselves (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 146). Throughout the Bible, God tells us to be pure of heart and soul, when we have sex before marriage as in 1 Corinthian 6:15-7 Paul reminds mankind that when we come from two bodies and become becoming one flesh, it is similar to uniting oneself with God, and making a union, ever though the couple does not plan to wed (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 147). Premarital sex is defined as sex between two unmarried people who do not share a mutual covenant commitment. In the Bible, God defines premarital sex as fornication or sexual immorality, since the act of sex seals the union, whether or not the couple marries (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 147). Wherefore, when a couple enters into an agreement hat they will not have sexually relations before marriage, they understand the Chastity that they must go beyond the â€Å"letter of the law’. Restraint from premarital sex, according to Buckler and Barman decreased the chance of sexual transmitted diseases, and unwanted pregnancy (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 146). Whereas, refraining from sex before marriage minimizes the sins of the person, and leads them to God. When we yield to the temptations that pull us from the direction of God, we will start down the path that only leads to the destruction of sexual behaviors (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 58). With the attention turning to elements that determine if one is practicing healthy sexuality usually takes us deeper into the person themselves. Whereas, one who practices a healthy sexuality does not use sex as a substitute for their own emotional needs (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 52) thus, this will only complicate the persons Christian thoughts. Overall, a person reserve the right to always be allowed to say â€Å"no† to their partner, having the strength and ego to say no to anyone who approaches them for sex without feeling obligated to anyone (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 52). Ordinarily married couple will have sex for pleasure alone, not only to procreate, and feel closer to God. Meanwhile the single pe rson should refrain from sexual interactions, avoid using pornographic material, since pornographic material gives the male an illusion of what the female body should look like. For instance, Gods words Jude 1:7. In a similar way, Stood and Sonogram and the surrounding towns gave themselves up to sexual immorality and perversion. They serve as an example of those who suffer the punishment of eternal fire. The use of pornographic trials, the internet, and late night skin shows are all immoral ways that do not constitute a healthy sexuality in mankind, but the path to damnation. Whereas, a person who practices unhealthy sexuality will seek out sex for pleasure only, not this person may feel that they are in love, it is not looking or caring of the other’s needs. Therefore, their belief system or core beliefs are mistaken by hormones alone. However, do not have sex for the sake of sex being only body pleasure, it may bring a few minutes of orgasmic sensation, however, it is devoid of relation meaning (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 1 54). Throughout marriage the marriage it may be lose its appeal becoming stagnated or less interesting (Hart) Dry. Catherine Hart Weber describes it as men and women each have different ideas about sexual images (Hart-Weber). Whereas, women wants romance, and to talk, men only want one thing sex. Yet, women may start to see themselves as overweight, suffer from depression, and develop low self-esteem. However, ways to prevent loss of intimacy in the relationship is to discuss anything that is bothering the couple. Whereas, Pastor Chris Adams speaks of how a difficulty separating values and mindset between the couple, his is a time where communication is vital (Adams). Some steps that may be useful in keeping intimacy in a relationship are communication, expression of emotions of partners, romance, and the man telling the woman how beautiful she is. Although, not all people feel comfortable with expressions of their emotions, explaining this to the other will open new doors to explore. In conclusion, God did intend for mankind to come together as one flesh, only after marriage. Yet keeping intimacy in a relationship that is absent of sex give us the basic human need of skin to skin contact (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 55) however, this does not mean that in the beginning of the relationship sex is necessary. Only when two people who deeply love one another, and marry, can they truly become one in the eyes of God. How to cite Perspective on sex, Papers

Market Discounts and Shareholder Benefits †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Market Discounts and Shareholder Benefits. Answer: Introduction: In this report, an effort has been made to compare and evaluate the activities and performance of two Australia based real estate companies that are Mirvac Group and Goodman Group. In this report discussion as well as evaluation regarding several aspects of both the companies has been made which includes Business Summary, portfolio of the companys properties, historical performance of shares, financial information, profitability and holding period return of both the companies (Afolayan 2017). On successful evaluation of each of the following points as well as funds, a report has been prepared to facilitate comparison between the two companies and to provide appropriate recommendations to the investors and other important clients and peoples. Goodman Group is an Australia based real estate company that owns, manages and develops business areas and industrial spaces of high and premium quality. According to the current records, Goodman Group has over 161 established properties around Australia location in different major cities like Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney (Brounen and de Koning 2013). The primary objective of this group is establishment of secure and long-term relation with its client by providing services of premium quality backed by incomparable standard. The blue-chip client database of Goodman Group includes a wide range of well-established and branded industries like Linfox, DHL, Coca-Cola, TNT, Brambles and Toll. An essential and important subsidiary of Goodman Group is Goodman Australia. In the four unlisted property funds, i.e. Goodman Australia Industrial Partnership (GAIP), Goodman Australia Partnership (GAP), Goodman Australia Development Partnership (GADP) and KWASA-Goodman Industrial Partnership (KGIP), Goodman Group is a cornerstone investor within Australia. The Goodman Australia team comprises of about 300 staffs who have a wide range of professional knowledge regarding Marketing and Finance, Property, Development, Legal matters, etc. The contribution of all these members and staffs is the secret behind the success of the entire Goodman Group. The significant properties of Goodman Australia are scattered all over Eastern and South Australias major cities like Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney. The group has divided its entire property into four major categories which are In Adelaide the company has a property that is under-construction named Corner Edinburgh Road and West Avenue covering an area of 5000 to 80000 square metre (Hasan. and Sulaiman 2016). Historic Share Performance: In this segment, a brief summary about the performance of Goodman Group in the security market is being discussed. As far as the security market of the group is concerned, quite decent ups and downs have been found in the share graph of Goodman group in the past 5 years. However, there was an overall increase in the price of the share of the company (Lee et al. 2014). In 2013, the overall percentage change in the performance was 9.23% which has increased to 16.40% in the year 2017 which is approximately 99.04% change in terms of 5 years. At present the market capitalization of Goodman Group is 14,920.26 Million and the total number of shares currently available in the market is 1,789.00 Million. During the last five year the amount of change in the price of share is 58.67% (positive). From the share graph of the company it is quite clear that the company has developed and grown significantly. On 30th June, 2013 the share price of Goodman Group was 4.88 AUD whereas on 30th June 2017 the price increased to 7.87 AUD which is more than 61% increase in the price of share of the group. The overall rising line graph is a pure indicator of the fact that the company is developing quite rapidly and has established itself in the industry quite strongly. After studying the financial statement of Goodman Group it can be found that the amount of net tangible asset have increased quite significantly during the past three years. In 2015 the amount of Net Tangible Asset was $12,49,00,000 which increased to $48,37,00,000 in 2016 and further increased to $58,30,00,000 in the year 2017. Total Assets for the year 2015, 2016 and 2017 was $ 4,01,11,000, $ 4,47,75,000 and $ 4,67,20,000 respectively. The increase for assets during this period was the primary cause behind the increase in the amount of net tangible assets. Statement showing Financial Performance Particulars 2015 2016 2017 Investment in Real estate properties $ 2,90,60,00,000.00 $ 2,72,07,00,000.00 $ 2,01,02,00,000.00 Cash and cash equivalent $ 74,65,00,000.00 $ 1,33,70,00,000.00 $ 2,09,51,00,000.00 Receivables $ 34,48,00,000.00 $ 40,41,00,000.00 $ 55,20,00,000.00 Other assets $ 1,38,00,000.00 $ 1,57,00,000.00 $ 1,47,00,000.00 Total Assets $ 4,01,11,00,000.00 $ 4,47,75,00,000.00 $ 4,67,20,00,000.00 Total Non-Current Liabilities $ 3,21,43,00,000.00 $ 3,29,24,00,000.00 $ 3,21,67,00,000.00 Total Current Liabilities $ 67,19,00,000.00 $ 70,14,00,000.00 $ 87,23,00,000.00 Total Liability $ 3,88,62,00,000.00 $ 3,99,38,00,000.00 $ 4,08,90,00,000.00 Net Tangible Assets $ 12,49,00,000.00 $ 48,37,00,000.00 $ 58,30,00,000.00 Statement showing calculation of NTA ratio Particulars 2015 2016 2017 Net Tangible Assets $ 12,49,00,000.00 $ 48,37,00,000.00 $ 58,30,00,000.00 Issued Units 3696000000 3697000000 3702000000 NTA Ratio $ 0.03 $ 0.13 $ 0.16 Profitability: According to the table given below it is evident that the operating margin of the group have consequently decreased from the year 2015 than in year 2016 and decreased further in the year 2017. In 2015 the operating margin was 71.56% which decreased to 64.76% in 2016 and further came down to 54% in 2017. Moreover from the figure of EPS it is quite clear that the company is not maintaining the wealth of the shareholders properly as the EPS has fallen drastically in 2017. In 2015, the EPS was 0.67 which increased to 0.69 in 2016 but fell drastically in 2017 and became 0.42 which is a clear indication that the management in not efficiently utilising shareholders wealth (O'Connell and Young 2017). Even there was a decrease in return on equity from that of the previous year. The figures of return on capital investment also shows negative results. Thus, it is very essential for the management of the company to take immediate and correct action so that the company can make more profit in the future years. Statement showing Profitability Ratio Particulars 2015 2016 2017 Gross Margin % 47.01 44.64 46.42 Operating Margin % 71.56 64.76 54 Earnings Per Share AUD 0.67 0.69 0.42 Book Value Per Share * AUD 3.37 3.96 4.51 Asset Turnover (Average) 0.12 0.15 0.14 Return on Equity % 18.65 16.86 9.51 Return on Invested Capital % 15.56 13.4 9.61 MIRVAC Group MIRVAC Group is a real estate investment trust (REIT) that as per the recent analysis done by several organizations has stated that this is a sophisticated real estate investment, improvement and investment administration group. This is one of the best and diversified group that is engaged in the business if property of Australia. This group has its own integrated asset administration capacity and expansion. This is traded in the name of ASX: MGR as this is public form company. This is listed in Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) with works in the sector of property development and investment field, as well as in the services found in retail form (Dimovski 2016). This has its headquarters in Sydney in Australia as this was established on 1972. This is one of the top groups in real estate business that has an experience is more than forty years in this sector of business. MIRVAC group has a stapled security system that composed of MIRVAC Limited and MIRVAC Property Trust (MPT). The MIRVA C Limited composed of vital two sectors like development (MGR) and investment (MPT) that involves both commercial and residential enhancements. MIRVAC group functions in almost all over the region of Australia with the few overseas investments. The improvement of the field of MIRVAC group (MGR) is composed of housing merchandises. The main businesses that this group operate are on retail property, property and investments. As critically observed that the enhancement of MIRVAC groups division that involves commercial merchandises and residential merchandises. As the MIRVAC is lead by the enthusiastic John Mulcahy is the Chairman and Susan Lloyd-Hurwitz is the Managing Director of MGR. This group is mainly centred in around the four cities of Australia is Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney (Zhou 2016). This group has owned and administering all over the markets of industrial, retail and office fields that amounts to over a $ 15 Billion of the assets under the title of the group. MIRVAC groups tactics in urban has given fruitful in Operating income has raised by 11% and distributions has risen by 5% as per the earlier year. The Operating income in 2017 in case of retail was $ 156 Million, residential was $ 302 Million and Industrial Office was $ 319Million. In aggregate, the MGR had an operating income before tax interest was $ 750 Million. This huge profit is due to greater understandings of the cus tomers and our cities. The profit is $ 1.16 Billion that is due to utilization of the property in sustainable manner in MIRVAC group (MGR). Property Portfolio: MIRVAC group (MGR) invests in industrial, hotel properties, commercial, retail businesses all over Australia, and centred on high revenue assets and the tenant who are good makes it easier for agencies of the government and big firms. MGR keeps the assortment of the present premium level assets as properly given below. ASSET TYPE ASSET VALUE WALE (years) CAP RATE MAJOR TENANT Retail BIRKENHEAD POINT OUTLET CENTRE DRUMMOYNE, NSW $ 374.9 Million 2.9 5.50% 100% MPT Residential WATERFRONT, PIER PRECINCT, NEWSTEAD TERRACE NEWSTEAD, QLD (in progress) $ 320.9 Million (in progress) (in progress) (in progress) 100% MWRDP (in progress) Residential WATERFRONT, PARK PRECINCT, UNISON, CUNNINGHAM STREET NEWSTEAD, QLD (in progress) $ 532.3 Million (in progress) (in progress) (in progress) 100% Mirvac Limited (in progress) Office 200 GEORGE STREET SYDNEY, NSW $ 432.0 Million 9.3 5.00% 50% AMP, 50% MPT Office 101-103 MILLER STREET NORTH SYDNEY, NSW $ 237.1 Million 4.5 5.88% 50% TIAA Henderson Real Estate, 50% MPT Office 275 KENT STREET SYDNEY, NSW $ 516.0 Million 10.2 5.25% 50% Blackstone, 50% MPT Office 8 CHIFLEY SQUARE SYDNEY, NSW $230.0m 6.5 5.00% 50% Keppel REIT 50% MPT MIRVAC group (MGR) has taken for a extra portfolio diversification with asset investments from numerous fields as displayed by the chart. In addition, it is very alike to Goodman group; MIRVAC Group (MGR) has spent the fund on chiefly on the regions of New South Wales with a considerable segment of its investment portfolio into office type of assets. Although, this is slightly diverse than Goodman Group (GMG), as it has invested in most of the class of assets in the market (Ratcliffe and Dimovski 2014). From the chart, we can critically understand that diversification of investments on retail, office and industrial sectors. The investment in office class is 56%, retail is 34% and industrial is 10%. As per Geographical diversification, New South Wales is the chief centre for all investments but it is nicely diversified in the whole Australia. The WALE (Weighted Average Lease Expiry) is being displayed in the above chart that is composed of one figure for aggregate portfolio and rest three of different classes. The total portfolios WALE is 5.9 years and as all the rest is between 4.2 years to 7 years. Share Performance: The prices of share of MIRVAC Group (MGR) have been properly displayed in the form of a graph for five (5) years for the assessment of the market worth of the fund that has been done. The price of the share is increasing continuously that is very good sign in long run. The share has displayed good signs of growth stock that increase over a period of holding that this is best for long run investments as its fundamentals is also very strong. In examining the selected funds, an elaborated assessment of the balance sheet is for a period of five long years had been pursued to ascertain the Net Tangible Assets for MGR over the period of examining. Statement showing Financial Performance Particulars 2015 2016 2017 Investment in Real estate properties $ 26,19,00,000.00 $ 31,10,00,000.00 $ 3,40,00,000.00 Cash and cash equivalent $ 5,98,00,000.00 $ 35,40,00,000.00 $ 10,60,00,000.00 Receivables $ 7,30,00,000.00 $ 11,00,00,000.00 $ 9,70,00,000.00 Other assets $ 9,96,98,00,000.00 $10,31,50,00,000.00 $11,79,30,00,000.00 Total Assets $10,36,45,00,000.00 $11,09,00,00,000.00 $12,03,00,00,000.00 Short-term borrowing $ 60,40,00,000.00 $ 20,00,00,000.00 Long-term debt $ 2,63,36,00,000.00 $ 2,21,10,00,000.00 $ 2,76,50,00,000.00 Capital leases $ 3,00,000.00 Payables and accrued expenses $ 67,31,00,000.00 $ 42,50,00,000.00 $ 46,20,00,000.00 Other liabilities $ 63,44,00,000.00 $ 74,90,00,000.00 $ 70,90,00,000.00 Total Liability $ 3,94,14,00,000.00 $ 3,98,90,00,000.00 $ 4,13,60,00,000.00 Net Tangible Assets $ 6,42,31,00,000.00 $ 7,10,10,00,000.00 $ 7,89,40,00,000.00 Statement showing calculation of NTA ratio Particulars 2015 2016 2017 Net Tangible Assets $ 6,42,31,00,000.00 $ 7,10,10,00,000.00 $ 7,89,40,00,000.00 Issued Units 3696000000 3697000000 3702000000 NTA Ratio $ 1.74 $ 1.92 $ 2.13 Statement showing Profitability Ratio Particulars 2015 2016 2017 Gross Margin % 51.3 49.2 41.5 Operating Margin % 31.2 41 31.5 Earnings Per Share AUD 0.17 0.28 0.31 Book Value Per Share * AUD 1.28 1.3 1.49 Asset Turnover (Average) 0.19 0.27 0.2 Return on Equity % 9.65 15.14 15.36 Return on Invested Capital % 8 12.05 12.48 Profitability: The profit in a year of MGR has constantly improved over a period of analysis. Gross margin percentage in 2017 was 41.5% compared to earlier years 2015 was 51.3% and 2016 was 49.2%. As observed carefully, the gross margin percentage has reduced rapidly in this few years. Operating margin percent in 2017 was 31.5% as compared to 2016 was 41% that has declined so required to check and regulate the operating expenses (Yap et al. 2017). Return on Equity is good enough on respect to long-term return as it has displayed in the period that it has increased steadily. As on 2017 was 15.36% compared to earlier years 2015 was 9.65% and 2016 was 15.14%. The Earnings per share that is in Australian dollar in 2017 was 0.31, 2016 was 0.28 and 2015 was 0.17. This is clearly be interpreted as earnings per share is increasing that is good for investors. Return on Invested Capital percent in 2015 was 8%, 2016 was 12.05% and 2017 was 12.48%. This is very good sign for investors as return is very attract ive for the investments. The Book value per share in Australian dollar in 2015 was 1.28, 2016 was 1.3 and 2017 was 1.49. An assessment of the revenue and profit in a year of MGR for analysis is been taken and studied with greater sensitivity in ascertaining the interest cover ratio and return on assets. As this permits to computation of average return on equity to its shareholders for a period of three (3) years. The profit in 2017 of MGR is $ 1.16 Billion that is influenced by significant possession revaluation is raised in the portfolio of the investment. The operating profit after payment of tax in 2017 of MGR is $ 534 Million. This is signifying 14.4% cents per stapled security (Yksel et al. 2017). The MIRVAC group has an operating flow of cash of $ 513 Million and had 23% gearing that is at lowest finishing of the goal of the groups range from 20% to 30%. The Return on investment in 2017is 12.4% on the capital invested by the shareholders. General Market Commentary: In the middle of the year 2014, the hasty decline in the sector of mining led to the confidence in the business and the optimism of the economy in Australia was falling. This has coincided with an enlargement of the rate of unemployment to 6.3% on 2015 as per the Australian Bureau of Statistics. This was much weaker than anticipated results in the domestic field and the decline in the prices of the commodity (Chou and Chen 2014). There was cut in rates of interest as this was to done to accommodate with global financial situations has supplied the usual market with a filled energy and confidence in the business. The properties for commercial purposes market has gained from a twelve to eighteen months of enhancement, specifically in areas of CBD after a very passive period from the year of 2008 to 2014 that was veteran in the majority of the real estate field within the country of Australia. These markets have face the economic shock that may have a considerable and unfavourable influence on the commercial and retail costs and worth stages. The properties in industrial field went through a unstable time from the year of 2008 to the year of 2012 involving huge numbers of receiver stock and mortgagee has sold it in the year of 2014 and 2013. On the other hand, this has benefited stable interest since the start of the year of 2015 with both the investors and occupiers re-entering the market (Titman et al. 2013). Comparison: Analysis Goodman GR MGR Total Assets $4,67,20,00,000.00 $12,03,00,00,000.00 Total Liability $4,08,90,00,000.00 $4,13,60,00,000.00 NTA Ratio (Current) $0.16 $2.13 GP Ratio 46.42% 41.5% ROI 9.61% 12.48% Return on Assets 0.14 0.20 Return on Equity 9.51% 15.36% The details and comparison of the key statistics are provided below: Statement showing Comparison of Key information Particulars Goodman Mirvac Industry Price/Earnings TTM 19.6 7.4 47.7 Price/Book 1.8 1.1 2.3 Price/Sales TTM 8.5 3.7 7.9 Rev Growth (3 Yr Avg) 14.6 8.1 8.3 Net Income Growth (3 Yr Avg) 5.8 37.6 18.1 Operating Margin % TTM 54 31.5 32.9 Net Margin % TTM 43.1 49.6 16.6 ROA TTM 6.2 10 2 ROE TTM 9.5 15.4 4.8 Debt/Equity 0.3 0.7 1 The important risks in real estate investments are prices of share has hiked in prior year of 2015. The considerable percent of assets that are been invested that is chiefly located in the regions of Sydney. A modification of the costs in the region may have lead to major losses to the worth of portfolio. In general, the WALE is below the yardstick mark of five (5) years may be a little risk of enlarged vacancies and that results in lower revenues (Loo et al. 2016). Reference Afolayan, A.S., 2017. Exploring Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) as a housing finance option in Nigeria.Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management,10(1), pp.1-10. Brounen, D. and de Koning, S., 2013. 50 years of real estate investment trusts: an international examination of the rise and performance of REITs.Journal of Real Estate Literature,20(2), pp.197-223. Chen, J.H., Chang, T.T., Ho, C.R. and Diaz, J.F., 2014. Grey Relational Analysis and Neural Network Forecasting of REIT returns.Quantitative Finance,14(11), pp.2033-2044. Chou, Y.H. and Chen, Y.C., 2014. Is the response of REIT returns to monetary policy asymmetric?.Journal of Real Estate Research,36(1), pp.109-135. Dimovski, B., 2016. Differences in underpricing of A-REIT IPOs and Australian property company IPOs.Journal of Property Investment Finance,34(2), pp.107-115. Fielding, Z., 2014. Hot property.Property Australia,28(4), p.68. Hasan, A. and Sulaiman, S., 2016. The Use of Islamic Real Estate Investment Trust (I-REITs) as a Contemporary Instrument in Developing Waqf Assets: Potential Structure, Issues and Challenges.Intellectual Discourse,24, p.521. Lee, C.L., Stevenson, S. and Lee, M.L., 2014. Futures trading, spot price volatility and market efficiency: evidence from European real estate securities futures.The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics,48(2), pp.299-322. Lee, M.T., Kuo, S.H., Lee, M.L. and Lee, C.L., 2016. Price discovery and volatility transmission in Australian REIT cash and futures markets.International Journal of Strategic Property Management,20(2), pp.113-129. Loo, W.K., Ahmad Anuar, M. and Ramakrishnan, S., 2016. Modeling the volatility of Asian REIT markets.Pacific Rim Property Research Journal,22(3), pp.231-243. O'Connell, G. and Young, A., 2017. Alternative assets insights: The future of stapled structures.Taxation in Australia,51(11), p.635. Ratcliffe, C. and Dimovski, B., 2014. Market discounts and shareholder benefits: Evidence from Australian REIT private placements.Journal of property investment finance,32(6), pp.570-588. Titman, S., Twite, G.J. and Sun, L., 2013. REIT and Commercial Real Estate Returns: A Post Mortem of the Financial Crisis. Tsai, M.S. and Chiang, S.L., 2013. The asymmetric price adjustment between REIT and stock markets in Asia-Pacific markets.Economic Modelling,32, pp.91-99. Wenteler, G.L., Sathorn, C. and Parashos, P., 2015. Factors influencing root canal retreatment strategies by general practitioners and specialists in Australia.International endodontic journal,48(5), pp.417-427. Yap, K.H.S., Ong, S.E. and Yeo, W.Y., 2017. Demystifying the Management Structure Puzzle: an Empirical Investigation into the Drivers of REIT Internalization.The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, pp.1-33. Younus, I., 2015. The REIT Industry.CFA Institute Industry Guides,2015(2), pp.1-77. Yksel, S.A., Yksel, A., Erol, . and ztrk, H., 2017. The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the Co-Integration Relationship between Reit and Stock Markets: A Dynamic Co-Integration Approach.International Journal of Economics and Finance,9(7), p.86. Zhou, J., 2016. Hedging performance of REIT index futures: A comparison of alternative hedge ratio estimation methods.Economic Modelling,52, pp.690-698. Zhou, J., 2017. The economic value of using range-based volatility for international REIT diversification.Journal of Property Research,34(2), pp.147-162.

Target Costing Is An Approach To Managing Product Costs Essay Example

Target Costing Is An Approach To Managing Product Costs Paper This paper discusses the usage and procedure of mark bing for merchandise development and cost direction and why it should be used in merchandise planning. To explicate the mark bing procedure, benefits, and jobs with its usage, the writers utilize a instance survey of a domestic fowl treating company fabrication place repast replacings for sale through supermarkets. Testing the efficiency and effectivity of ABC theoretical accounts, utilizing assorted methods, has been widely highlighted in early empirical surveies. The survey makes usage of secondary informations available from early empirical literature on execution of ABC theoretical account in banking industry. Although, the theoretical account proved to be successful when implemented in the banking industry, figure of jobs still remain acute, which prevents from monolithic debut of a new theoretical account within a sector. In response, some recommendations were drawn to plan a method of get the better ofing or deciding many of the issues around ABC. The distribution of acceptance over industries confirmed the outlook that piecing houses show a comparatively high acceptance of mark casting. The acceptance of these techniques appears to be related to an intense competitory and unpredictable environment. Similar to aim projecting surveies in Japan and Germany, the chief aim for following these techniques in the sample is to cut down costs. The merchandise development and design sections appear to be taking in the mark cost direction procedure, while the accounting section is merely reasonably involved. Finally, the most often adopted organisational signifier for mark cost direction is team constructions, in which multiple maps combine cognition and capablenesss in the merchandise development procedure. Introduction Target costing is an attack to pull offing merchandise costs and gross borders that works rearward from the monetary value a client will pay for a specific merchandise with a specific characteristic set, sets merchandise cost marks based on that merchandise s expected gross border and so manages the development procedure to accomplish the marks. This is different from how many companies approach merchandise costs, where the squads may put marks based on historical informations and anticipation, and so put the monetary value by adding a specific per centum of borders. Target bing topographic points client value at the centre of the fiscal determinations that a development squad makes about a merchandise. To make this efficaciously, a squad needs to cognize such things as how much extra a client will pay for a specific characteristic or degree of public presentation, which countries of the merchandise may be over-performing or particularly hard to fabricate, how to re-think a merchandi se design to do it easier and less expensive to bring forth, and how to spouse with providers to drive down costs. The thought is to rethink our premises about a merchandise and inquire our clients straight to give us guidance on the elements of the merchandise that create the most value for them so that we can present them more efficaciously and extinguish everything else. We will write a custom essay sample on Target Costing Is An Approach To Managing Product Costs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Target Costing Is An Approach To Managing Product Costs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Target Costing Is An Approach To Managing Product Costs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The chief benefit of this attack is increased gross borders, chiefly by cut downing direct labour and stuff costs for the merchandise. One design end can be fewer parts, which leads to nest eggs in stock list direction throughout the supply concatenation. The same techniques normally lead to merchandises that are easier to transition to fabrication, more dependable and easier to keep, which besides drives down development, guarantee, service and support costs. Surprisingly, this attack can do clients happier, excessively. By simplifying the merchandises to cut down extra characteristics and complexness, we can do the merchandises easier to utilize and keep from the clients position. They besides benefit from lower service and support costs, and higher dependability. The mark bing construct grew out of a demand for makers to better merchandise cost direction and merchandise development. The traditional cost direction, cost accretion and allotment methods used for decennaries and still predominant in the fabrication and services sectors have failed as tools for merchandise development, planning, and cost direction. This is because they focus on the merchandise s cost instead than on the outlooks of clients and the merchandise design itself. Furthermore, traditional cost systems inundate directors with accounting studies that routinely overstate the cost of high-volume, standardized merchandises and understate the costs of low-volume, customized merchandises. ( Lockamy III and Smith, 2000 ) . In 1999, Cooper and Slagmulder defined three phases of mark costing: Puting the market monetary value: In this stage, Marketing sets a mark monetary value for the merchandise, and provides the development squad with a prioritized list of characteristics that will present a merchandise that the client will purchase at the mark monetary value. Pull offing the merchandise cost: The development squad sets a mark cost for the merchandise that will run into the organisation s outlooks for gross border. They set up a procedure for supervising merchandise cost through the development rhythm. Pull offing subsystem and portion degree costs: Using bing merchandises and competitory informations as ushers, the squad creates a budget for each subsystem and major constituent. The squad so develops a scheme for shuting any spreads between the expected costs and the mark cost and engineers the merchandise to accomplish the costs. Along the manner, the squad continuously proctors both subsystem and merchandise degree costs to measure advancement towards shuting the spread and turn to the issues that arise. These three stages provide a comprehensive focal point on merchandise cost throughout the merchandise lifecycle that pulls together the full development squad. In the beginning, Marketing is to a great extent involved in puting the mark monetary value and assisting the development squad understand comparative value for characteristics and public presentation parametric quantities. Manufacturing people get involved early in one instance, every bit early as the construct stage, to supply early feedback on production procedure options and their costs. Procurement and providers besides get engaged to lend thoughts for shuting the inevitable spreads between projected merchandise costs and targeted costs. The demand to better productiveness and merchandise quality resulted in many companies following new cost direction methods, including activity-based cost direction, kaizen costing, just-in-time stock list direction, entire quality direction, and mark costing. ( Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) . Of the foregoing cost or direction methods, mark bing stands entirely as the best agencies to heighten merchandise development, pricing, and direction of production and merchandising costs. This paper argues for greater usage of mark costing. The first subdivision of this paper gives an overview of empirical literature on ABC theoretical account, and in peculiar, an execution of the theoretical account in fiscal services ( chiefly in banking ) industry. The research supports an statement for a demand to implement ABC theoretical account at service industry in order to be able to understand the behaviour and causes of costs. The undermentioned subdivision illustrates a practical facet of ABC in banking industry. The survey makes usage of secondary informations taken from academic beginnings. It inside informations the phases of ABC methods and presents the benefits. Most significantly, the documents draws attending to the obstructions that many Bankss face while seeking to implement the ABC in pattern. Finally, the last subdivision will reason the thoughts in this paper by pulling recommendations to the bank direction that make it easy to get the better of the jobs in the procedure of implementing ABC. Literature Review Target costing has been defined by the Consortium for Advanced Manufacturing International as a set of direction tools and methods designed to ( 1 ) direct design and planning activities for new merchandises, ( 2 ) supply a footing for commanding subsequent operational stages, and ( 3 ) guarantee that merchandises achieve given profitableness marks throughout their life rhythm. ( Cf. Shank, 1999 ) . Cooper and Slagmulder depict it as a procedure for guaranting that a merchandise launched with specified functionality, quality, and gross revenues monetary value can be produced at a life-cycle cost that generates a satisfactory degree of profitableness. ( Cf. Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) . The procedure is design-centered and has a market goaded focal point, which, unlike the conventional cost direction techniques, allows houses to merchandise off quality and functionality to accomplish mark costs as a last resort. ( Castellano et al, 2003 ) It really focuses less on costs and more on client demands. The inquiry is non How much will the merchandise cost? but How much can the merchandise cost? Karo describes mark bing as a complete cost-reduction plan, non a simple cost-reduction technique, but a complete, strategic net income direction system. Horvath describes it as a portion of the cost-management map for a merchandise throughout its life rhythm. ( Cf. Shank, 1999 ) The cardinal elements of the procedure is that it is a planning tool where facets of the merchandise, cost and otherwise, are considered over the merchandise s whole life rhythm. Besides, it is a cross-functional procedure, much like good strategic planning. A topic that receives increasing attending in accounting literature is the usage of cost in formation and cost direction during merchandise design ( Anderson and Sedatole, 1998, Davila, 1999 ) . The major statement for pull offing costs during merchandise design is that after the merchandise development phase most costs have been designed into the merchandise and can non be influenced any longer. One of import technique that can be used for pull offing merchandise costs during the design phase is target casting ( Kato, 1993 ; Ewert and Ernst, 1999 ) . Target casting is basically concerned with puting a mark cost to be achieved in the merchandise development procedure, such that a sufficient net income border is realized when the merchandise is brought to the market. In the literature, mark casting is viewed as a strategic direction accounting system, as it focuses on long-run cost direction attempts ( Chenhall and Langfield-Smith, 1998 ; Ewert and Ernst, 1999 ; Guilding et al. , 200 0 ; Tani, 1995 ) . Toyota developed the construct in the sixtiess. It is used more in Japan than anyplace else in the universe. Lockamy and Smith study that in the early 1990s over 80 per centum of Nipponese assembly fabrication houses were utilizing mark costing, including all houses in the Nipponese transit equipment industry but none in the paper and mush industry ( Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) . The remainder of the universe has non as readily adopted mark bing, although many companies adopt certain facets of it. It has been peculiarly slow to be adopted in the U.S. Banham studies that in the twelvemonth 2000 merely about 65 U.S. houses utilised mark bing. Of these, 85 per centum were discrete-parts and finished-product makers. Some of these houses include Boeing, Eastman Kodak, Caterpillar, and Daimler-Chrysler. A study of those U.S. houses reveals favourable, although non exceeding, consequences from using mark costing. ( See the study consequences in Banham, 2000. ) Peter Zampino, manager of research at Consortium for Advanced Manufacturing International ( CAM-I ) , noted that U.S. houses tend to follow mark bing when they are in crisis manner. In his sentiment, U.S. houses tend to hold the sentiment that in good economic times a company does non necessitate mark bing ( Banham, 2000 ) . U.S. houses like the construct of cost direction, and many use the techniques describ ed in this paper, but they do non follow the disciplined mark bing procedure and the cross-functional engagement in merchandise, production, and supply concatenation planning activities ( Banham, 2000 ) . In literature, mark casting and mark cost direction are frequently associated with Nipponese companies. Empirical research into the patterns of mark casting has chiefly been performed by Nipponese research workers for the Nipponese state of affairs ( Kato, 1993, Tani et Al, 1994 ) . Few attempts have been made to look into whether these patterns are besides are relevant for and make occur in non-Japanese state of affairss ( some exclusions are Chenhall and Langfield-smith, 1998 ; Guilding et al. , 2000 ; Horvath and Tani, 1997 ) . One could anticipate that as the drivers for utilizing such methods are non idiosyncratic to Japan ( i.e. , the desire to recognize a net income border on merchandises, under certain market features ) , they could besides be used in a non-Japanese state of affairs, even though the existent application of such patterns may divert from the typical Nipponese manner. Chapter 2 2.1 Research Methodology and Data Collection The ABC theoretical account follows a two phase methodological analysis, foremost, by puting the relationship between resources and activities through the usage of allotment bases and direct tracing. Then followed by an application of cost per unit of activity to the ingestion of activities by specific cost objects, normally merchandises or clients, for the intent of mensurating costs. In banking industry, the ABC provides an efficient manner of forming the aggregation, processing, and coverage of cost information for determination devising and scheme preparation in a competitory economic environment. The survey is chiefly based on empirical probe of the efficiency of implementing ABC in banking industry. Hence, the research paper will do usage of a secondary information on banking industry contained in early empirical surveies. The banking industry of Uzbekistan could non function as a research object, due to the fact that ABC has non been introduced in, yet. However, sing big benefits of holding ABC in topographic point, the paper urges policy shapers and direction to get down its execution. The secondary information is chiefly drawn from interview and questionnaire consequences. 2.2 Target Costing in Process The mark bing procedure is composed of a figure of distinct activities and determinations. It begins with a finding of the merchandise, its features and qualities, and its optimum merchandising monetary value. This is likely the most of import measure in the procedure. The merchandise itself will finally find the costs necessary to bring forth and sell that merchandise. Butscher and Laker depict this first measure as including ( 1 ) definition of the mark sections, ( 2 ) designation of the competitory advantages and disadvantages, ( 3 ) placement of the new merchandise within the mark sections, ( 4 ) fine-tuning the merchandise design and pricing, and ( 5 ) market simulations ( Butscher et al, 2000 ) . Market research is an indispensable component of this first measure. Whether done within or outside the house, market research should concentrate on the desires and concerns of the client. What does the client privation? What design features does the client like or dislike, need or does nt necessitate. The client s perceptual experiences as to quality, monetary value, and value are besides of import. The selling research is used to find the monetary value clients are willing to pay for the merchandise, given its functionality, quality, and the replacement merchandises offered by viing houses. ( Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) The information obtained from the client will let merchandise interior decorators to concentrate on those desired qualities and characteristics. However, the merchandise must be advanced and integrated new characteristics and outstanding merchandise features to guarantee merchandise distinction and a sensible merchandise life. The mark merchandising monetary value is determined based on the market for the merchandise as designed. Obviously, when a maker sells its merchandises in more than one market or through different channels, it may sell the same merchandise at different monetary values. For illustration, pharmaceuticals manufactured in the U.S. are exported at lower monetary values to Sellerss in Canada and Mexico than they are sold for in the U.S. In such instance an mean merchandising monetary value should be used ( Cooper et Al, 1999 ) . The 2nd measure in the procedure is the finding of the coveted net income or aim net income border. Net incomes and net income border should be sensible and cover planned costs, extra required investing, and decommissioning or disposal costs over the merchandise s life rhythm. Similarly, the net income border should be sufficient to back up go oning merchandise research and development. ( Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) Some companies, for illustration, Sony Corporation, construct in more flexibleness in set uping the coveted net income or aim net income border. There, they allow for trade-offs between different merchandises, i.e. , within the merchandise group some merchandises will hold some net income borders higher and some lower. ( Cooper et Al, 1999 ) The coveted net income border should be based on, and meet, the company s aims or policies. Calculation of the allowable merchandise cost is the 3rd measure in the procedure. The allowable merchandise cost is the difference between the mark merchandising monetary value and the mark net income border. The aim is to run into the cost restraints placed on the company, or as Cooper and Slagmulder describe it, set uping the mark cost decrease aim. The 4th measure in the mark bing procedure is finding the nature and sum of the merchandise fabrication and selling costs and really guaranting itself that it can achieve those mark costs. These costs can non transcend the allowable merchandise costs, unless palliating fortunes, such as a targeted merchandise release day of the month, order continuing with the merchandise before sufficient costs decreases are obtained. This portion of the mark bing procedure terminals when the house discovers a manner to fulfill the client demands at the mark cost or when the merchandise is abandoned ( Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) . What has been the company s past production and selling costs? Will new cost nest eggs be required? What will be the consequence of merchandise alterations? In what countries can one moderately anticipate cost nest eggs? How shortly must the merchandise be released? Will the allowable cost require alterations in the supply concatenation? These are merely some issues that may originate in continuing through the procedure. Because from time-to-time there are unexpected cost overproductions due to design-related jobs in the production procedure, a company may construct in a shock absorber or modesty for the production director of 5-10 per centum to cover such costs. In finding what costs are necessary and placing ways to cut down costs, a company may utilize other cost direction techniques like value technology, benchmarking, design for industry and assembly, and quality map deployment. ( Cooper et Al, 1999 ) Besides, uninterrupted cost decrease may be available through kaizen costing. Integration of the assorted maps, such as accounting, buying, selling, production, logistics, and technology in planning activities will be necessary here to cut down unneeded costs and work procedures. As the mark bing attack is a cross-functional squad attack, ab initio it is clip extended but the final payment for the extra planning costs should come subsequently in nest eggs in production and the supply concatenation activities. Notwithstanding that cost decrease is normally favourable, in mark bing cost rationalisation, non cost minimisation, is the end. This is consistent with techniques like value technology, which is performed to redesign the merchandise, its fabrication procedure, and its distribution and service systems. ( Lockamy et wholly, 2000 ) Cooper and Chew argue that a merchandise s cost demands to be subjected to the examination of the market place from the beginning of the development activity. ( Cooper et Al, 1996 ) Benchmarking helps avoid the flightiness in mark bing in such state of affairss as internal subassembly and can assist to cut down costs, particularly when value technology is used early in the product/production development phase ( Clausing, 1996 ) . In add-on, benchmarking provides a tool for mensurating the effectivity of mark costing. For illustration, Eastman Kodak set a benchmark of a 10:1 return on the costs associated with implementing mark costing. If it cost the company $ 100,000 to hold an applied scientist work closely with clients in merchandise design, the return on that activity would hold to bring forth at least $ 1 million in cost decreases ( Banham, 2000 ) . Cost decreases should be sought in the maker s internal activities and external sourcing. Although a maker has important legal and ethical duties in keeping safety and wellness of its employees, clients, and users of its merchandises, and legal and regulative demands go more and more burdensome every twelvemonth, companies must cut costs wherever possible. Sometimes, nevertheless, cost nest eggs are merely non possible, and the merchandise features must be scrutinized once more to insulate cost nest eggs. The supply concatenation should be scrutinized and utilized for cost decrease chances. The supply concatenation is much more of import for companies using mark costing. Ellram notes that supply direction and the buying map is peculiarly critical at the initial phases of the mark bing procedure when developing component-level mark costs and when activities and alterations are happening to accomplish mark costs. Furthermore, provide direction can play a really of import function in pull offing, monitoring and bettering costs in the supply concatenation ( Ellram, 2002 ) . When geting constituent parts or necessary services, supply direction may happen it necessary to work more closely with providers. Additional cost nest eggs may be accomplishable by making trading spouse relationships with the providers. The maker s main applied scientist or merchandise director might seek to help or supply inducements for a provider to redesign a portion or production procedure to accomplish cost nest eggs. Furthermore, the company and the provider may join forces to develop and better merchandises and heighten the value and satisfaction provided to clients. ( Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ; Banham, 2000 ) The trading spouse relationship may make administrative cost nest eggs through EDI, B-2-B ( business-to-business ) minutess, or by supplying inducements or wagess for inventing originative cost decrease steps ( Cooper et Al, 1999 ; Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) . In order to keep the trading spouse relationship, nevertheless, the company must let the supplier-trading spouse to have a sensible compensation doing continuance as a trading spouse worthwhile. The trading spouses, including the company using mark costing, must be assured of profitableness and survivability. ( Lockamy and Smith, 2000 ) . This portion of the mark bing procedure is iterative. Costss are estimated determined for the merchandise as designed. It may be necessary to reconsider certain of the design features given the cost factors. A finding would so hold to be made to cancel the merchandise characteristic or to revise it, which would necessitate another reappraisal of the production and supply concatenation procedures and costs. Finally, the mark bing procedure requires supervising to do certain the procedure has been effectual. Merchandises must be changed from time-to-time and new merchandises added to bing merchandise lines, and these activities will necessitate merchandise and cost planning every bit good. 2.3 Defining Target Costing Methods in Selected Industry Chapter 3 3.1 Research Analysis Mentioning to the current survey Target casting was defined as consisting of a casting method ciphering the maximal allowable cost monetary value by deducting a needed net income border from the expected merchandising monetary value. Most of the endeavors in industry, particularly the electronics, fabric and preciseness equipment industries make comparatively high usage of these techniques. This confirms to outlooks, as assembly industries are considered the most executable industries for the usage of mark costing. This diverseness of names used implies that many houses have developed a system based on similar rules as mark casting, without being familiar with the construct and its rules. Therefore, in empirical research into these types of systems it seems reasonable to concentrate on the features of the system used, and non on its theoretical name. An account for the insignificance of the figure of rivals is that this step may include small information about the in 10s of the compe titory environment, which is theoretically most of import. During the merchandise development procedure several ends have to be realized at the same time, for which purpose mark projecting systems can be supportive. Different ends to be realized are high merchandise quality, client satisfaction by developing functional merchandises that fulfill their demands, fast merchandise debut ( clip to market ) and low costs. Based on the literature we expected cost decrease to be the most of import ground for following a mark casting pattern, as its chief intent is to present merely profitable merchandises to the market by achieving equal cost degrees. The inquiries about the organisation of mark casting in the study were related more to the TCM procedure. They measured the engagement of different functional sections in the application of mark casting, and the organisational signifier used for the mark casting patterns. ( shown in table 2 ) TCM squad rank is besides a step of engagement, alth ough it is merely enlightening about the presence of the section in the squad, and non about the grade of engagement. 3.2 Decision This exploratory study survey suggests Dutch listed fabrication companies make comparatively high usage of projecting techniques similar to the construct of mark casting, although these systems come by in a diverseness of names. These techniques are adopted across industries, of which the collection industries are the major users. The findings suggest that these techniques are comparatively more frequently adopted under fortunes of intense competition and high environmental uncertainness, for which conditions, harmonizing to the literature ; the usage of mark casting is good. The consequences suggest that the chief aim for following these techniques was to cut down costs. This end seems to hold been achieved by respondents, as the major benefit derived from the mark casting patterns was cost decrease. The sections Product Development and Product Design are most to a great extent involved in the application of mark casting, while the Accounting section seems to be least involved. The house s mark casting attempts are chiefly organized in squad constructions, in which cognition and capablenesss of different organisational maps are combined to work on the mark cost. Wijewardena and De Zoysa ( 1999 ) , for case, provide an overview of some specific features of Nipponese companies under which the direction accounting systems operate, dwelling of corporate determination devising, alone company doctrines, farm outing schemes and the firm-specific instruction and preparation of direction comptrollers. It wil1 be clear that in this exploratory analysis it wil1 be hard to touch upon these issues. Qualitative research may be a preferable research methodological analysis to widen the analysis to these issues. From this research we can reason that Dutch listed fabrication houses use projecting techniques that are similar to the construct of mark casting ; the casting method identifies a mark cost by deducting a needed net income border from an expected merchandising monetary value. However, this survey provides small insight into the existent organisational procedures and actions that proceed, and are initiated by these mark costs. In add-on, the function and importance of the mark projecting system in relation to the usage of other direction accounting systems wil1 be worthwhile analyzing, as the recent study research by Chenhall and Langfield-Smith ( 1998 ) and by Guilding et Al. ( 2000 ) has shown merely modest grasp for mark projecting systems by Western houses. As banking merchandises become progressively complex, as shared services become more widespread, and as indirect costs consume more budgets, the ABC theoretical account can function as an first-class analytical tool for the fiscal services sector.

World Record for Fastest Wind Speed

World Record for Fastest Wind Speed Have you ever felt a strong gust of wind and wondered whats the fastest wind ever recorded on the surface of the earth? World Record for Fastest Wind Speed The fastest wind speed ever recorded comes from a hurricane gust. On  April 10, 1996, Tropical Cyclone Olivia (a hurricane) passed by Barrow Island, Australia. The equivalent of a  Category 4 hurricane at the time,  Ã‚  is 254 mph (408 km/h).   U.S. Highest Wind Before Tropical Cyclone Olivia came along, the highest wind speed measured anywhere in the world  was  231 mph (372 km/h) recorded at the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire on April 12, 1934. After Olivia broke this record (which was held for nearly 62 years) the Mount Washington wind became the second fastest wind worldwide. Today, it remains the fastest wind ever recorded in the United States and in the Northern Hemisphere;  the U.S. commemorates this wind record every April 12th on Big Wind day. With a slogan like Home of the Worlds Worst Weather, Mount Washington is a location known for having harsh weather. Standing at  6,288 feet, it is the highest peak in the Northeastern United States. But its high elevation isnt the only reason it regularly experiences heavy fogs, whiteout conditions, and gales: its position at the crossroads of storm tracks from the Atlantic to the south, from the Gulf, and from the Pacific Northwest makes it a bullseye for storminess. The mountain and its parent range (the Presidential Range) are also oriented north-south, which increases the likelihood of high winds.  Ã‚  Air is commonly forced over the mountains, making it a prime location for high wind speeds.  Hurricane-force wind gusts are observed at the mountains summit nearly a third of the year. but a perfect spot for weather monitoring which is why it is home to a  mountaintop weather station called the Mount Washington Observatory. How Fast is Fast? 200 miles per hour is fast, but to give you an idea of just how fast, lets compare it to wind speeds you may have felt during certain weather conditions:   blizzard winds blow at 35 mph or more;winds in a severe thunderstorm can gust in the 50 to 65 mph range;a weak category 5 hurricanes strongest sustained winds blow at 157 mph.   When you compare the 254 mph wind speed record to these, its easy to tell that that is some serious wind!   What about Tornadic Winds? Tornadoes are some of the weathers most violent windstorms (winds inside of an EF-5 can exceed 300 mph). Why then, arent they responsible for the fastest wind? Tornadoes usually arent included in the rankings for fastest surface winds because there is no reliable way to measure their wind speeds directly (they destroy weather instruments). Doppler radar can be used to estimate a tornados winds, but because it only gives an approximation, these measurements cannot be seen as definitive. If tornadoes were included, the worlds fastest wind would be approximately 302 mph (484 km/h) as observed by a Doppler on Wheels during a tornado occurring between Oklahoma City and Moore, Oklahoma on May 3, 1999.

Managing Music Festival Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing Music Festival Project - Term Paper Example The location, which is to be used throughout the three days, shall be an outdoor venue. Essentially, the need to make the festival run for a period of three days is in the fact that the programs and agenda are numerous and they do not have to be packed into only a day or two’s program. With three days, there can be a total exhibition of all components of the agenda without really bordering about time. This is a musical festival, aiming to campaign on the need to prevent HIV/AIDS. This method can be judged as a very justifiable avenue to achieve the aim of the project. This is especially important as the company in question has a lot of social objectives that are directed towards making the lives of ordinary people worthwhile. In light of this campaign, the company will also be in a position to make huge profits for out of the program. It is estimated that the total expenditure of the program shall cost? 200,000 with an expected turnover of? 300,000. Project Brief It is common knowledge that most people within the age group of 15 to 35 are students. This means that the promotional strategy will be focused through schools. Fundamentally, schools within the vicinity of the festival grounds shall be targeted for on-campus float and event march. There shall also be a means of advertisement such as the use of billboards, posters and electronic announcement. Even more, there shall be the fusion of technology and the use of new media to ensure that the youth who are keener to the use of the internet are reached through the internet (Guan and Subrahmanyam, 2011). Fundamentally, there shall be the creation of a website for the festival as well as the creation of a social network page to promote the festival. There shall also be the promotion of the event through the organization of a brief social responsibility in the communities that form the vicinity area for the festival. Some of these social interventions shall include tree planting activities as well as clean up exercises (Huebener, 2005). There will not have to be too much time spent on each day.  

Nike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Nike - Essay Example Nike’s quest to become a global sports leader has fuelled the remarkable move to the more innovative digital marketing. The digital campaigns on the social media such as Facebook have enabled Nike to popularise the FuelBand among the target consumers. The social media has enabled Nike to communicate constantly with the customers. The Nike + FuelBand Community on the Facebook send messages of motivation to the users to acquire the FuelBand (Guarda). In effect, the digital and social marketing has facilitated the collection of information regarding consumer’s preferences, as well as choices. Nike has maintained consistency in its quest to communicate constantly with the customers in the social media, and position the FuelBand in the market. The company engages with the consumers and receives important feedback about the product. In effect, Nike has created a strong relationship with the consumers through the digital and social marketing strategies for long-term engagement (Guarda). The social media is an integral part of the business cycle, and Nike has seized the opportunity as it endeavours to position itself as a global sports leader by understanding the needs of the customers. Guarda, Dinis. Nike Takes Digital Data and Social Media Marketing Seriously. Web. 22nd Nov. 2014

The primary objective of this course has been to prepare your writing Essay

The primary objective of this course has been to prepare your writing skills for academic success in the university's net-level - Essay Example One of the most difficult parts in writing an essay is how one starts. For this problem, one can save so much trouble by making a draft. This is the skeletal view of the essay which simply shows how one is to go about the essay. First, there should be an introduction which contains the hook or lead sentence. This is very important because as they say, â€Å"first impressions last† and since this is the first sentence, it should catch the attention of the reader. Informative sentences should follow which are related to the lead sentence as well as the thesis statement. The thesis statement is often the last sentence and it states what is supposed to be discussed in the following paragraphs. The next paragraphs should have definite topics and if needed, they should also contain subtopics. The importance of each topic can be arranged from the least important to the most important depending on how the writer wants to present his ideas. The most important thing to consider in makin g a draft is to write the lead sentence and thesis statement in complete sentences. The other information could be phrases or just words. This will serve as a guide for the writer, making his task a lot easier. Sentence construction is another important thing that I have learned in writing. In this area, I could say that I improved a lot and I know that I need to improve further because I can use this skill in my future writing experiences. Before this class, I had very bad sentence constructions. They were often short but others had difficulty understanding me. However, through hard work and determination, I improved on my grammar and I could say that the people I deal with are now able to understand me better. I am now very careful with my subject and verb agreement as well as with other rules that I should follow in making my sentences. I also use vary the length of my sentences, using short and long sentences alternately to make a better paper. In addition, I also improved in my vocabulary. I am have grown the number of words I know and I try to gain more by using the new words I learn in my daily dealings not only in school but also at home. Equally important that I have learned is the making of paragraphs. I understand that this is not simply a group of sentences that make up a formatted paragraph. Rather, they are sentences which are related to each other. Therefore, it is important that a writer’s ideas should be well-organized in order for the sentences to give a clear picture of what is being discussed. I have learned to organize my thoughts with the help of the draft and also through critical thinking. I also bear in mind that the sentences should give a smooth flow of ideas so that readers will be able to follow my train of thought. Moreover, I learned that transition sentences are important in making paragraphs because they help readers expect that the writer is about to change the subject matter. With the help of this class and the Interna tional Writing Community, I have improved with my writing skills and I could say I am now competent in this area. I have learned to make a draft to make my task easier. I also learned to write my sentences correctly with the use of the right words in order to effectively communicate my thoughts. My paragraphs are now substantial, containing informative sentences that have a smooth flow of transitioning from one topic to another. I believe that I am now ready

Analyzing 1920s Counterculture: Flappers

Analyzing 1920s Counterculture: Flappers Vittoria Rybak American culture has undergone great change throughout its history, specifically through challenges brought about by countercultures to the traditional values of the larger society. By definition, a counterculture is a group that rejects the major values, norms, and practices of the larger society, replacing them with a new set of cultural patterns (Thomas). During the 1920s, Americans saw the rise of one particular counterculture that would challenge the traditional values of women in a significantly modest society. Flappers, they were nicknamed, consisted of northern, urban, middle-class women who defied the traditional Victorian gender roles of the era wherein women were expected to act and behave in a modest, conservative way. The once feminine ideal of staying at home and out of the workforce would drastically change socially and politically as Flappers began a life of smoking, drinking, dancing, and voting. They defied traditionalist values by cutting their hair, wearing makeup , and taking risks (Rosenberg). In an attempt to liberate themselves and eliminate social double standards, the Flappers created a new role for women in society to play. With World War I underway, young men were being sent off to fight for the ideals and mistakes of the older generation, while young women took over their jobs and entered the workforce (Rosenberg). During the war, nearly an entire generation of young men had died, leaving nearly an entire generation of young women who became significantly independent and steered away from the conventional marriage norms of finding a sufficient suitor and starting a family (Rosenberg). The return home from the war proved that settling back into normalcy would be difficult for the young men AND women after each had already broken out of the structure of society (Rosenberg). These liberated young women had emerged from the aftermath of World War I and jumped right into the Jazz Age and an era of Prohibition. They adopted their carefree attitudes specifically in this era of alcohol, jazz music, dancing, and, of course, rebellion. The Jazz Age inspired a change in style and dress that ultimately became the scandalous Flapper look, diverging greatly from the traditional style and dress of early American women. A key contributor to the Flapper culture was Cara Bow, the single most famous Flapper of the era, starring in films and inspiring the younger generations to adopt the carefree manner and style of the new womens era. Perhaps the most significant historical event that encouraged Flappers to promote their cause of eliminating social double standards was the passing of the 19th Amendment, which ended womens suffrage and gave women the right to vote (Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia). In order to develop a better understanding of the mentality of the Flappers, it is important to view the behavior of the group in a systematic way, or through a sociological perspective (Thomas 4). Specifically through the interactionist perspective, Max Weber asserts that individuals act according to their interpretations of the meaning of their world through symbolic interaction (Thomas 17). And then, using sociological imaginations, those individuals have the ability to see the connection between the larger world and their personal lives (Thomas 5). During World War I, young women began interpreting the world slightly different from before. Flappers basically realized that life was too short to live a confined life and wait for a husband who might never come home; flappers felt rightfully entitled to make their own decisions regarding how to live their lives (Celania). Serving as a symbol of freedom, the invention of the automobile is an example of how Flappers were given the libe ration to go and do anything they pleased (Rosenberg). However, automobiles were not only used for travel and escape, and the flapper was less hesitant to experiment sexually than previous generations. Flappers began to realize that the larger world was holding them back, so they rebelled and brought attention to themselves which helped bring about major cultural change. America underwent major cultural changes because of the Flappers attitudes and completely redefined the role of women in society at large. In addition to their defiance of traditionalist values, Flappers also adopted a new sexual frankness that widened the eyes of the older generation. Many older generation traditionalists were the ones who developed ethnocentric views towards the shocking erotic and sexually alluring behavior of the Flappers (Kennedy and Cohen, Lizabeth). By definition, ethnocentrism is the tendency to view ones own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups (Thomas 35). The older generations considered themselves guardians of respectability and morality, thus they looked negatively on and were baffled by the dress and antics of the Flappers (Kennedy and Cohen, Lizabeth 710). In fact, traditional moralists were offended by their actions and attitudes. Their feelings of ethnocentrism came from the idea that a single kiss had once been the equivalent of a marriage proposal, and now Flappers were flaunting and exploiting their bodies like never before (Kennedy and Cohen, Lizabeth 709). Stuffy traditionalists continued to defend the modest and conventional way of life that they believed women were supposed to lead. For example, the Flappers began sporting the one piece bathing suit on beaches during the summers; however, they were disrupted in their leisure and measured from the knee up to ensure that not too much leg was showing (Kennedy and Cohen, Lizabeth 710). Out of pure rebellion against stuffy moralists, flappers adopted the short hair style, leaving the long, curly, traditional locks on the floors of barber shops everywhere (Celania). Just as women do today, women of the 1920s felt confined to act and behave a certain way. Their freedoms to express themselves had been diminished all of their lives by a traditional upbringing. Cultural relativism is the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards, and not by the standards of others (Thomas 36). Through cultural relativism, the larger society can understand why flappers behaved in the manner in which they did. Sigmund Freud claims that the libido was one of the most natural of human needs that allowed Flappers to explore and experiment sexually (Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia). He believed that a variety of nervous and emotional ills came directly as a result of sexual repression, concluding that Flappers were not acting out of the norm for mere pleasure alone, but for health reasons as well. (Kennedy and Cohen, Lizabeth 708). By the Flappers standards, they had been denied sexual gratification and liberation all their lives. Once the y received that small taste of individualism and excitement that came with the aftermath of World War I, these women could not undo themselves and decided to completely defy gender norms, thus creating the undeniably flamboyant Flapper culture. Although I am not a hardcore feminist, I definitely agree with the Flapper philosophy of expressing individualism and putting an end to social double standards. Women deserve to express themselves, not only at home, but in the workforce as well. Flappers did not necessarily protest or actively participate in womens movements that gave rise to important milestones; however, the Flapper was a symbol of empowerment and liberation that changed the course of a womans role in America. In fact, I might not have the freedoms I do today if flappers had decided to remain silent and stick to the status quo. I greatly admire them taking the first steps to break out of the mold that women had been shaped into. As a person who buries herself in schoolwork, I especially admire the carefree and fun attitude of the Flapper and I like to think of their motto as living life to the fullest which definitely makes life more exciting if followed as the flappers had. I also agree that repression causes rebe llion, and, in this way, the Flapper had a right to experiment and find a life for herself, according to her own standards. Although women still have a long way to go, the Flapper culture most definitely inspired generations of women to come out of the wood work and express themselves as empowering individuals. References Celania, Miss. The Society Pages. 25 March 2013. The Rise of the Flapper. Web. 11 March 2017. Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia. U.S. History Precolumbian to the New Millenium. 2016. Web. 11 March 2017. Kennedy, David M. and Cohen, Lizabeth. The American Pageant. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2016. 708. Textbook. Rosenberg, Jennifer. thoughtco. 2 February 2017. Flappers in the Roaring Twenties. Web. 11 March 2017. Thomas, W. LaVerne. Sociology- The Study of Human Relationships. Austin: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 2003. 39. Textbook.

Ancient Egyptian Religion And The Monotheistic Religion Of Moses :: Religious History Essays

Ancient Egyptian Religion And The Monotheistic Religion Of Moses In the glorious Eighteenth Dynasty, when Egypt became for the first time a world power, a young Pharaoh ascended the throne about 1375 B.C., who first called himself Amenhotep (IV) like his father, but later on changed his name to Akhenaten (1370-1358 B.C.). This king undertook to force upon his subjects a new religion, one contrary to their ancient traditions and to all their familiar habits. It was a strict monotheism, the first attempt of its kind in the history of the world, as far as we know; and religious intolerance, which was foreign to antiquity before this and for long after, was inevitably born with the belief in one god. But Amenhotep’s reign lasted only for seventeen years; very soon after his death in 1358 B.C. the new religion was swept away and the memory of the heretic king proscribed. From the ruins of his new capital, which he had built and dedicated to his god, and from the inscription in the rock tombs belonging to it, we derive the little knowledge w e possess of him.1 This spark of monotheism can be traced back to Akhenaten’s father Amenhotep III. During his reign, ideas about the uniqueness of the sun god Re were developed in some de-tail. Some Egyptian priests conceived the possibility that all gods were part of a unique god from which all life originated and based on their experiential knowledge of nature (at least as they perceived it in Egypt) the sun was a good candidate for this universal god. 1 Freud, Sigmund. Moses and Monotheism. (New York: Vintage Books; 1934), p. 21. Political conditions at that time had begun to influence Egyptian religion as well. During the prosperous reigns of Thotmes III (1490-1436 B.C.) and Amenhotep II (1436-1412 B.C.), Egypt had expanded its frontiers in all directions and the nation was becoming increasingly difficult to govern. Egypt was the richest state in the world and Pharaoh represented the supreme power behind Egyptian prosperity. Annexed territories that belonged to Nubia and Syria were fully engaged in trade with the empire and the idea of a supreme and unique ruler was in perfect agreement with the idea of a supreme and unique god. In fact, the so-called revolution of Akhenaten is now thought to have been a political rather than a religious movement, a reaction to events outside Egypt.